Universit¨¦ Jean Moulin Lyon 3_°ÄÃÅÒøºÓµÄÍøÕ¾¶àÉÙ Les 10 derni¨¨res actualit¨¦s The Conversation | Does the United Kingdom need a new Winston Churchill?_°ÄÃÅÒøºÓµÄÍøÕ¾¶àÉÙ /the-conversation-does-the-united-kingdom-need-a-new-winston-churchill <img src="/medias/photo/v_logo-triple-stack-1000-640_1717661965915-png" width="150px"><br><div class="theconversation-article-body"><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alma-pierre-bonnet-2228628" class="lien_externe">Alma-Pierre Bonnet</a>, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/universite-jean-moulin-lyon-3-2375" class="lien_externe">Universit¨¦ Jean Moulin Lyon 3</a></em></span> <p><br> Since Brexit, a profoundly <a href="https://journals.openedition.org/osb/4739" class="lien_externe">Churchillian event</a>, the United Kingdom has experienced chronic political instability. No fewer than five prime ministers have succeeded one another at the head of a country whose <a href="https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/comment/is-uk-ungovernable" class="lien_externe">governability is now being questioned</a>. As speculation grows over <a href="https://theconversation.com/even-if-the-uk-changes-prime-minister-voters-now-expect-to-hear-the-language-of-populism-283088" class="lien_externe">who might replace the current prime minister</a>, Keir Starmer, whose position is increasingly under pressure, should the ideal candidate look to Churchill for inspiration?</p> <p>A recent article in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2026/may/17/the-ungovernable-country-why-britain-keeps-losing-prime-ministers" class="lien_externe">The Guardian</a> compares the current political situation in Britain, where governments have recently lasted anywhere from a few weeks to several months, to that of France¡¯s Fourth Republic, whose permanent state of crisis was resolved in part by the rise of a providential figure, Charles de Gaulle. Given <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=D&q=https://shs.cairn.info/de-gaulle-et-churchill--9782262107499%3Flang%3Dfr%26tab%3Dsommaire&ust=1781597700000000&usg=AOvVaw3bh1vM8pNGCveW8Ductrjv&hl=en&source=gmail" class="lien_externe">the similarities between the two men in the public imagination</a>, it is tempting to see Winston Churchill (1874¨C1965) as a model who could inspire an end to today¡¯s instability.</p> <p>Churchill was long revered before <a href="https://www.versobooks.com/products/894-winston-churchill?srsltid=AfmBOooz0D0xiGQmcJqJRd7_-hvITWStJTnahiGAFf5PtOie4LPxPGDC" class="lien_externe">later being reassessed</a>. His legacy returned to the forefront during the <a href="https://journals.openedition.org/osb/6040" class="lien_externe">heated Brexit debate</a>, which further polarised British society: would he have voted to remain or to leave? Throughout his distinguished career, Churchill supported the idea of a united Europe, though not including the United Kingdom, which he believed should maintain a ¡°special¡± relationship with the United States. This allowed both supporters and opponents of the EU to claim him <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-churchill-myths-9780198851967?q=richard%20toye&lang=en&cc=fr" class="lien_externe">as their own</a>. Above all, however, it is the image of a united nation, crowned by victory over Nazi barbarism, that continues to define the Churchill myth.</p> <p>But should today¡¯s political leaders really follow his example to overcome what increasingly appears to be a dead end?</p> <h2>A wartime leader rather than a peacetime statesman</h2> <p>The short answer is no, obviously. Churchill was, above all, a wartime leader, with no genuine long-term vision for governing a country in peacetime. British voters made this clear in 1945 by electing a far less charismatic but far more capable administrator and consensus-builder: his Labour opponent, Clement Attlee.</p> <p>But the story Churchill told during the Second World War was that of a <a href="https://theses.hal.science/tel-02023193v1" class="lien_externe">triumphant and eternal United Kingdom</a>, confident in its strength and global influence, and this positive narrative later inspired Brexit advocates, from Boris Johnson to Nigel Farage. Yet such a glorious vision depended on the constant presence of an enemy to fight and <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23265382" class="lien_externe">Churchill¡¯s controversial comparison</a> during the 1945 election campaign between a potential Labour government and the Gestapo was simply out of step with the British public¡¯s desire for peace.</p> <figure><iframe allowfullscreen frameborder="0" height="260" width="440" type="opt-in" data-name="youtube" data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/d8cWb_466kI?wmode=transparent&start=0"></iframe> <figcaption><span class="caption">Winston Churchill¡¯s famous ¡°Finest Hour¡± radio address on June 18, 1940, marked a turning point in British morale and wartime communication.</span></figcaption> </figure> <p>Beyond the incompatibility of <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/churchill-papers" class="lien_externe">Churchill¡¯s wartime storytelling</a> with the post-war era and, indeed, with today¡¯s circumstances, future leaders could still draw inspiration from certain aspects of his rhetoric. Indeed, the idea of unity and shared destiny, where an entire people stand together against adversity is probably one of the most valuable messages for a country <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10602-022-09368-8" class="lien_externe">deeply divided</a>: between North and South; between the political centre and the Celtic ¡°periphery¡± of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, where calls for independence from London are growing stronger; and between a liberal, multicultural younger generation and a more conservative older population.</p> <p>While these <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Revolt-on-the-Right-Explaining-Support-for-the-Radical-Right-in-Britain/Ford-Goodwin/p/book/9780415661508" class="lien_externe">underlying divisions</a> were partly exposed by the 2016 decision to leave the European Union, Brexit also created <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/tribal-politics-9780198911715%3Fcc%3Dgb%26lang%3Den%26&ust=1781597700000000&usg=AOvVaw2dNCeV3FlgTXsH9WrkIqYO&hl=en&source=gmail" class="lien_externe">new political identities,</a> pitting a progressive segment of society against a more conservative one amid ongoing <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Toward-a-Very-British-Version-of-the-Culture-Wars-Populism-Social-Fractures-and-Political-Communication/Bonnet-Kilty/p/book/9781032627205" class="lien_externe">culture wars</a> over the very definition of British identity. The debate has also fragmented the political system: increasingly, populist parties compete with the traditional parties, transforming British politics from a two-party system into a <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-the-rise-of-multi-party-politics-is-good-for-democracy-273963" class="lien_externe">multiparty landscape</a>.</p> <h2>Starmer: The anti-Churchill?</h2> <p>In this uncertain climate, the Labour Party which campaigned in the 2024 general election on the promise of change while presenting Starmer as a leader capable of <a href="https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.24028.bon" class="lien_externe">restoring institutional stability</a>, and which largely benefited from widespread rejection of the Conservatives, now ironically finds itself in a situation similar to that of the Tory Party: internally divided and led by a leader whose authority is <a href="https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-tony-blair-criticizes-labour-government-keir-starmer/" class="lien_externe">under question</a>, particularly after <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/ng-interactive/2026/may/08/2026-elections-mapped-labour-reform-uk-greens-scotland-wales-england-local" class="lien_externe">disastrous local election</a> results in May 2026. In a distinctly <a href="https://www.historic-uk.com/Blog/Winston-Churchill-Top-12-Quotes/" class="lien_externe">Churchillian turn of phrase</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/from-landslide-to-leadership-crisis-where-did-it-all-go-wrong-for-keir-starmer-282935" class="lien_externe">Ben Worthy and Mark Bennister</a> argue that ¡°Starmer has struggled because he disappointed too many, and persuaded too few.¡±</p> <p>Worse still, he has never managed to build a <a href="https://theconversation.com/from-landslide-to-leadership-crisis-where-did-it-all-go-wrong-for-keir-starmer-282935" class="lien_externe">strong personal connection</a> with the public. His numerous <a href="https://www.politico.eu/article/keir-starmer-7-times-mp-u-turn-uk-parliament/" class="lien_externe">U-turns,</a> more than a dozen, including on student loan repayments, the creation of a digital identity card, and support for disabled and elderly citizens as well as his dithering in making bold decisions or offering a clear direction for the country, have made him one of <a href="https://yougov.com/en-gb/ratings/UK-prime-ministers" class="lien_externe">Britain¡¯s most unpopular prime ministers</a>. Churchill, by contrast, remains the country¡¯s most admired.</p> <h2>The contenders for the leadership</h2> <p>Labour has <a href="https://theconversation.com/ousting-keir-starmer-is-harder-than-it-looks-party-rules-mean-he-can-choose-to-keep-fighting-282683" class="lien_externe">strict rules</a> for challenging its leader. A candidate must secure the backing of at least 20% of Labour members of Parliament (which represents 81 MPs today) before a preferential vote among party members is held, with the incumbent automatically included. So, who hopes to lead the country?</p> <p>One of the first to express interest is former Health Secretary Wes Streeting, who resigned after the May 7 local elections. His ambitions are not new; he could have sought the Labour leadership in 2024. According to Westminster sources, Labour strategist Morgan McSweeney saw Starmer as more of an <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2025/feb/02/cooper-defends-starmer-after-book-says-chief-of-staff-called-him-an-hr-manager" class="lien_externe">¡°HR manager¡±</a> than a charismatic leader, a temporary figure meant to shield the party from the far-left influence of former leader Jeremy Corbyn before eventually <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2025/nov/12/labour-briefing-war-keir-starmer-morgan-mcsweeney-wes-streeting" class="lien_externe">handing over the reins to stronger contenders</a>. The rest is history.</p> <p>Positioned on the party¡¯s <a href="https://theconversation.com/who-are-the-main-contenders-to-replace-keir-starmer-as-prime-minister-282880" class="lien_externe">right wing</a>, much like Tony Blair before him, Streeting has recently criticised Starmer for <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8p7p83vdzo" class="lien_externe">lacking vision</a>. He openly advocates rejoining the European Union, moving beyond Starmer¡¯s cautious policy of merely <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy2k7re9jdo" class="lien_externe">¡°resetting¡±</a> relations. It is a bold proposal in a country that has yet to heal the wounds of Brexit. By bringing the possibility of rejoining the EU into the spotlight, he forces other Labour leadership hopefuls to take a clear position on this <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00323217251319880" class="lien_externe">fundamental issue</a>.</p> <p>However, Streeting <a href="https://www.survation.com/labour-members-poll-cabinet-favourites-directional-doubts-and-reform-fears/" class="lien_externe">lacks broad support within the party</a> and may be damaged by his <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gjle7g13xo" class="lien_externe">association</a> with Peter Mandelson, once a leading Labour figure who has become politically toxic following revelations about his long-standing relationship with Jeffrey Epstein.</p> <p>More <a href="https://www.politicshome.com/opinion/article/labour-cannot-afford-to-ignore-andy-burnham" class="lien_externe">popular with the general public</a>, Greater Manchester Mayor Andy Burnham represents a genuine threat to Starmer from the party¡¯s left wing. Burnham aims to apply his <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2026/may/19/can-burnham-turn-manchesterism-into-a-practical-offer-for-government" class="lien_externe">¡°Manchesterism¡±</a> model nationwide, seeking to end the neoliberal policies introduced by Margaret Thatcher and largely maintained by Labour prime ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. In Manchester, he notably strengthened public control by bringing bus services back under public management.</p> <p>As prime minister, he would advocate more nationalisations, invest heavily in social housing, strengthen devolution in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, and increase public borrowing, a proposal that has already raised <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2025/sep/25/andy-burnham-alarms-city-call-end-uk-dependence-foreign-lenders" class="lien_externe">concerns among financial markets</a>.</p> <p>The European question remains particularly delicate. Burnham is firmly pro-European but less enthusiastic than Streeting about rejoining the EU, largely for pragmatic reasons. Since he is not currently an MP, he cannot yet challenge Starmer directly and must first win a by-election in Makerfield on 18 June, after the sitting MP agreed to resign.</p> <p>This presents <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2026/may/17/andy-burnham-faces-perilous-race-to-win-makerfield-byelection-allies-say" class="lien_externe">a dilemma</a>: while 65% of Labour supporters are pro-EU, 65% of Makerfield voters backed Brexit in 2016. Burnham must, therefore, strike a careful balance. The election will be crucial not only for him but also for Labour and the country as a whole. A positive stance toward the EU could strengthen Reform UK, Nigel Farage¡¯s populist party, which is strongly anti-EU and <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0ljrp76ywxo" class="lien_externe">highly popular in northern England</a>. Burnham will face Reform UK candidate Robert Kenyon, a plumber by trade, in what Farage has once again described in Churchillian terms as a battle of ¡°David versus Goliath¡±. A defeat could call into question <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2026/may/18/makerfield-byelection-andy-burnham-labour-electoral-problems-analysis" class="lien_externe">Labour¡¯s ability to persuade voters over Reform UK</a> and threaten the party¡¯s future.</p> <p>Two other figures are also potential candidates. The first is former Housing Secretary and Deputy Leader Angela Rayner, a centre-left politician popular with the party grassroots but forced to resign over unpaid property taxes, a particularly damaging issue for someone responsible for housing policy.</p> <p>The final possible candidate is former Labour leader <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/ed-miliband-next-prime-minister-labour-keir-starmer-b2964340.html" class="lien_externe">Ed Miliband</a>, who remains relatively popular on the party¡¯s left wing. However, his reputation was permanently affected by Labour¡¯s defeat in the 2015 general election. He is mainly seen as a fallback option should Burnham fail to win the Makerfield by-election.</p> <p>Finally, Starmer himself should not be overlooked. He retains the support of MPs who prioritise stability and wish to avoid the kind of internal warfare that tore apart the Conservative Party even if, in reality, Labour¡¯s own civil war has already begun.</p> <p>So, does Britain need a wartime leader?</p> <h2>Lloyd George rather than Churchill?</h2> <p>If so, the country clearly does not need a new Churchill. If Britain were to look to its history for a wartime leader to emulate, David Lloyd George, prime minister during the <a href="https://theconversation.com/who-were-the-american-mothers-to-frances-orphaned-children-during-the-first-world-war-283397" class="lien_externe">First World War</a>, would be a far more appropriate model. He combined wartime leadership with a long-term vision of creating a country worthy of the sacrifices made during the Great War.</p> <p>It was this positive vision of the future, rather than Churchill¡¯s more combative narrative, that helped Lloyd George <a href="https://theses.hal.science/tel-02023193v1" class="lien_externe">remain in power after the war</a>. Yet, whoever succeeds Starmer, or Starmer himself if he remains in office, should draw inspiration from Churchill¡¯s ability to inspire the British people during their darkest hours by offering a message of hope, reconciliation, and a renewed understanding of British identity. Good luck!</p> <hr> <figure class="align-left "><img alt="" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/653322/original/file-20250305-56-uw659u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/653322/original/file-20250305-56-uw659u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=342&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/653322/original/file-20250305-56-uw659u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=342&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/653322/original/file-20250305-56-uw659u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=342&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/653322/original/file-20250305-56-uw659u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=429&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/653322/original/file-20250305-56-uw659u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=429&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/653322/original/file-20250305-56-uw659u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=429&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w"> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> <p><em>A weekly e-mail in English featuring expertise from scholars and researchers. It provides an introduction to the diversity of research coming out of the continent and considers some of the key issues facing European countries. <a href="https://theconversation.com/europe/newsletters?promoted=europe-newsletter-116" class="lien_externe">Get the newsletter!</a></em></p> <hr> <p><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alma-pierre-bonnet-2228628" class="lien_externe">Alma-Pierre Bonnet</a>, Senior Lecturer in British Studies, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/universite-jean-moulin-lyon-3-2375" class="lien_externe">Universit¨¦ Jean Moulin Lyon 3</a></em></span></p> <p>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com" class="lien_externe">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/does-the-united-kingdom-need-a-new-winston-churchill-285264" class="lien_externe">original article</a>.</p> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://theconversation.com/javascripts/lib/content_tracker_hook.js" id="theconversation_tracker_hook" data-counter="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/285264/count?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced" async></script> Thu, 18 Jun 2026 22:00:00 GMT /the-conversation-does-the-united-kingdom-need-a-new-winston-churchill emmanuelle.bruyas@univ-lyon3.fr (Emmanuelle Bruyas) 2026-06-18T22:00:00Z Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University renews its ¡°Bienvenue en France/Choose France¡± certification_°ÄÃÅÒøºÓµÄÍøÕ¾¶àÉÙ /jean-moulin-lyon-3-university-renews-its-¡°bienvenue-en-france-choose-france¡±-certification <img src="/medias/photo/v_label-2-etoiles-500x320_1777974692961-jpg" width="150px"><br>Awarded to institutions that develop <strong>structured and tailored welcome facilities,</strong> the ¡°Bienvenue en France¡± label recognises the quality of the information, welcome services, academic support, °ÄÃÅÒøºÓµÄÍøÕ¾¶àÉÙ life and follow-up provided to international students. It is also a <strong>key driver in strengthening the international attractiveness</strong> of French higher education. The certification is based on several key measures implemented by the University, in accordance with the label¡¯s assessment criteria.<br> <br> Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University offers <strong>personalised support</strong> with dedicated advisors in each component entity, as well as access to <strong>social, medical and psychological support</strong> to meet the needs of international students. The institution is also developing an <strong>inclusive approach</strong>, particularly for students with disabilities, as well as encouraging sporting activities and well-being on °ÄÃÅÒøºÓµÄÍøÕ¾¶àÉÙ.<br> <br> The award also recognises <strong>practical support for professional integration,</strong> including strengthened links with socio-economic stakeholders, opportunities for work placements and student jobs, and support for entrepreneurial projects.<br> <br> The University also runs an alumni network for former international students and monitors the progress of students after graduation to continuously improve the student experience.<br> <br> This renewal confirms Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University¡¯s commitment to offer international students an inclusive, dynamic and globally-minded academic environment. Mon, 04 May 2026 22:00:00 GMT /jean-moulin-lyon-3-university-renews-its-¡°bienvenue-en-france-choose-france¡±-certification communication@univ-lyon3.fr (com web-com) 2026-05-04T22:00:00Z Lyon 3 seas_°ÄÃÅÒøºÓµÄÍøÕ¾¶àÉÙ /lyon-3-seas <img src="/medias/photo/v_three-seas_1777962759015-jpg" width="150px"><br><h3>Universities across and between the Three Seas?:<br> How universities can shape the future of Europe¡¯s global cities</h3> ? <h5><strong>First forum: 14¨C18 December 2026</strong></h5> <strong>Europe owes its existence as a human community to the rivers and roads connecting the three maritime networks of Western Eurasia: the Mediterranean, the North Sea and the Baltic.</strong> The economic, cultural and scientific map of today's Europe is the product of these flows between the three seas, relying on hotspots and hubs?: <strong>free, connected and multicultural cities</strong>, either on the seashore or at the crossroads of the routes connecting maritime areas. <strong>At the heart of these cities, universities perpetuate that spirit of innovation, cosmopolitanism and freedom.</strong><br> <br> <strong>The Forum of the Three Seas brings together universities anchored in these European hubs</strong>. Whether they are Mediterranean ports or Hanseatic cities, border posts between former empires, or industrial and commercial hubs on the Rh?ne, Tyne, Rhine or Elbe, our cities are places of confluence, cultural mixing and trade. Today, Europe is facing considerable challenges for its economic future, its democratic model and its ability to overcome the ecological crisis. Our universities remain faithful to the heritage of the free and cosmopolitan cities where they have been thriving. They intend to position themselves as <strong>actors in the democratic and social revitalisation of the European civic model, starting from the territories.?</strong>?<br> <br> Bringing together university governance bodies, socio-economic partners, actors in the cultural and democratic life of the regions and members of the academic community, the Forum of the Three Seas defines itself as <strong>an academic, economic and political forum whose participants share a history and principles</strong>. Its purpose is to connect cities across the continent. Through this forum, our institutions intend to discuss their practices and proposals across national borders, in order to rethink the missions of universities and their roots in their territories. The discussions initiated during these first meetings will feed into future European structural cooperation projects, white papers and reflective actions in the institutions.<br> <br> ? <h5><strong>Proposed panels</strong></h5> <dl aria-label="Accord¨¦ons" class="ckeditor-accordion"> <dt>Cultural and linguistic diversity</dt> <dd> <p>1. Experiencing and organising cultural and linguistic diversity in our cities.<br> <br> 2. Cultural and linguistic diversity at university.<br> <br> 3. Identifying and promoting strategic European and international skills for the workforce of tomorrow.</p> </dd> <dt>Universities at the heart of European citizenship</dt> <dd> <p>1. Between academic freedom and democratic responsibility: what contribution can universities make to the public sphere in Europe, and what form of governance is needed for free universities in free cities?<br> <br> 2. Alliances, networks, agreements: what form of university cooperation is needed for a Europe of knowledge?<br> <br> 3. Europeanising academic disciplines: what programmes, what obstacles, what successes?</p> </dd> <dt>Green transition</dt> <dd> <p>1. What territorial imaginaries and what university model should we promote for a greener society?<br> <br> 2. Universities and local authorities: what partnerships should we forge in the interest of the ecological transition?<br> <br> 3. What strategy of circulation for persons, goods and innovations should we develop for the sake of responsible academic, commercial and industrial internationalisation?</p> </dd> </dl> Mon, 04 May 2026 22:00:00 GMT /lyon-3-seas communication@univ-lyon3.fr (com web-com) 2026-05-04T22:00:00Z The Conversation | French nuclear deterrence for Europe: how effective could it be against Russia?_°ÄÃÅÒøºÓµÄÍøÕ¾¶àÉÙ /the-conversation-french-nuclear-deterrence-for-europe-how-effective-could-it-be-against-russia <img src="/medias/photo/v_logo-triple-stack-1000-640_1717661965915-png" width="150px"><br><div class="theconversation-article-body"><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/benoit-gremare-1537937" class="lien_externe">Beno?t Gr¨¦mare</a>, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/universite-jean-moulin-lyon-3-2375" class="lien_externe">Universit¨¦ Jean Moulin Lyon 3</a></em></span> <p><br> In February?2020, French President Emmanuel Macron said it was time to reflect on <a href="https://www.elysee.fr/en/emmanuel-macron/2020/02/07/speech-of-the-president-of-the-republic-on-the-defense-and-deterrence-strategy" class="lien_externe">the European dimension of French nuclear deterrence</a>. He proposed a strategic dialogue as well as joint nuclear exercises between European partners. Five years later, Germany¡¯s likely next chancellor, Friedrich Merz, responded to this call, advocating an extension of the French nuclear umbrella to Germany ¨C while a US led by President Donald Trump <a href="https://theconversation.com/assessing-the-damage-of-a-trump-putin-deal-251645" class="lien_externe">no longer appears to be a reliable partner</a> for protecting Europe.</p> <p>But does France have the capacity to defend Europe? Would the deployment of the French nuclear umbrella in Eastern Europe make Europe strategically autonomous, giving it the means to defend itself independently?</p> <h2>French nuclear deterrence against the Russian threat</h2> <p>France <a href="https://lerubicon.org/larme-nucleaire-francaise-dans-la-vie-politique-de-lapres-guerre-froide/" class="lien_externe">originally developed</a> its nuclear arsenal in response to the threat of Soviet invasion and to avoid any dependence on the US. According to a stable doctrine that political leaders regularly reaffirmed, the state [would use] its strategic arsenal by air and submarine in the event of an attack against its vital interests.</p> <p>But the fact remains that without US support, the balance of power appears largely unfavourable to France, which has <a href="https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2024/05/05/la-course-a-la-bombe-atomique-a-quoi-ressemblerait-un-monde-a-17-puissances-nucleaires/" class="lien_externe">a total of 290 nuclear warheads compared to at least 1,600 deployed warheads and nearly 2,800 stockpiled warheads</a> on the Russian side.</p> <hr> <figure class="align-left "><img alt="" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/653322/original/file-20250305-56-uw659u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/653322/original/file-20250305-56-uw659u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=342&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/653322/original/file-20250305-56-uw659u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=342&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/653322/original/file-20250305-56-uw659u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=342&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/653322/original/file-20250305-56-uw659u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=429&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/653322/original/file-20250305-56-uw659u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=429&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/653322/original/file-20250305-56-uw659u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=429&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w"> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> <p><em>A weekly email in English featuring expertise from scholars and researchers. It provides an introduction to the diversity of research coming out of the continent and considers some of the key issues facing European countries. <a href="https://theconversation.com/europe/newsletters?promoted=europe-newsletter-116" class="lien_externe">Get the newsletter!</a></em></p> <hr> <p>Certainly, the explosive power of thermonuclear warheads, combined with the range of the French M51 strategic sea-to-land ballistic missile, would make it possible to destroy the main Russian cities, including Moscow.</p> <p>However, the Russians would only need <a href="https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/le-missile-satan-2-pourrait-il-frapper-paris-en-200-secondes-20220503_ZPKYH45I2RBTLMUBKFACOM6C3M/" class="lien_externe">¡°200 seconds to atomise Paris¡±</a>, according to an estimate given on Russian television about <a href="https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/entreprises/industries/tout-comprendre-satan-2-le-missile-thermonucleaire-intercontinental-russe-capable-de-pulveriser-un-pays_AV-202204210359.html" class="lien_externe">¡°Satan II¡± thermonuclear missiles</a>.</p> <p>These scenarios recall the spectre of adversaries destroying enemy cities in a piecemeal atomic exchange, in which Russia could rely on its vastness to win through attrition. This potential for reciprocity must be kept in mind amid the mutual bet of nuclear deterrence.</p> <p>To boost the impact of French nuclear deterrence, a <a href="https://theconversation.com/un-parapluie-nucleaire-franco-britannique-pour-leurope-est-il-envisageable-243535" class="lien_externe">partnership could be envisaged</a> with the United Kingdom. A nuclear power since 1952, London now only has ballistic missiles launched by submarine and has decided, since Brexit, to increase its arsenal to 260 warheads. But although they share common interests, these two European nuclear powers are not equivalent.</p> <p>Unlike the UK, which is a member of NATO¡¯s nuclear planning group and whose warheads are designed in the US, France produces its weapons on its own territory and is not subject to any NATO obligations. This gives Paris a great deal of leeway in defining its doctrine. France can also speak on behalf of the European Union, of which it has been a part since its creation.</p> <h2>French nuclear power: an alternative to US deterrence</h2> <p>France officially became an atomic power in 1960 by relying on its own resources, with US support fluctuating according to events. The emergence of an independent French strategic force long annoyed Washington, which sought to restrict it by means of international accords such as the <a href="https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/test-ban-treaty" class="lien_externe">1963 treaty</a> limiting atmospheric nuclear tests and the 1968 <a href="https://disarmament.unoda.org/wmd/nuclear/npt/" class="lien_externe">Non-Proliferation Treaty</a>. Since 1974, the French nuclear force has officially had a <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1974/06/24/la-reconnaissance-du-fait-nucleaire-francais-par-les-allies_2541784_1819218.html" class="lien_externe">specific dissuasive role within NATO</a>, contributing to the overall security of the transatlantic alliance by complicating the calculations of potential adversaries.</p> <p>Almost 60?years ago, US president <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/xxs_0294-1759_1994_num_43_1_3063" class="lien_externe">Lyndon Johnson</a> reinforced doubts about the White House¡¯s determination to fully commit to the defence of Europe. Today, Trump¡¯s desire to end US support for Ukraine confirms these suspicions. Consequently, increasingly insistent <a href="https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/frankreichs-nukleare-abschreckung-im-dienst-europas-eine-deutsche-antwort" class="lien_externe">voices</a> are calling for the acceptance of a French nuclear force that would extend to the European level.</p> <h2>A French nuclear umbrella in Eastern Europe</h2> <p>Merz¡¯s call for the French nuclear umbrella to extend to Germany aligns with Paris¡¯s proposal to establish a dialogue involving Europeans in a common approach. As France¡¯s defence minister has pointed out, the precise definition of vital interest is up to its president. However, the use of nuclear weapons to protect Europe requires a strategic discussion to define the power to be acquired, the interests to be defended and the method of nuclear fire command.</p> <p>Moving toward a Europeanisation of nuclear force means increasing deterrent capabilities and, therefore, expanding the French arsenal so it can respond to threats affecting all 27 EU member states. This would require the creation of additional stocks of fissile material and the reactivation of production plants in <a href="https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/security-disarmament-and-non-proliferation/disarmament-and-non-proliferation/treaty-on-the-non-proliferation-of-nuclear-weapons/nuclear-disarmament/" class="lien_externe">Pierrelatte and Marcoule</a>, which were dismantled in the late 1990s.</p> <p>Dogma about what constitutes a sufficient arsenal must also be questioned. If 290 nuclear warheads represent the value that France places on defending its existence, this price seems to neglect the scale of the European continent, and logic confirms it: continent-sized nuclear powers such as the US and Russia ¨C and soon, China ¨C are deploying an arsenal of around 1,000 thermonuclear warheads.</p> <p>Ramping up power would take time and require a budgetary effort to increase the number of missiles and carrier aircraft. In addition to the construction of new infrastructure in European partner countries, the cost could exceed <a href="https://www.alternatives-economiques.fr/cout-cache-de-dissuasion-nucleaire/00107159" class="lien_externe">€10?billion per year</a>, not including indirect costs related to maintenance and logistics. This is a lot to take into account, especially since the political and strategic offer of extended nuclear protection evolves according to circumstances.</p> <p>Until now, Germany preferred that France assume a role that was simply complementary to the extended deterrence of the US, but Washington¡¯s <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/03/04/us-suspends-military-aid-to-ukraine-effective-immediately_6738771_4.html" class="lien_externe">threatened abandonment of Ukraine</a> increases the Russian threat. As Macron has indicated, France could respond by proposing the pre-positioning of its nuclear forces in Eastern European countries with the idea of eventually replacing the US.</p> <p>This French nuclear umbrella would give concrete form to European strategic autonomy through the deployment of nuclear-capable combat aircraft, a sign of European political solidarity that would make Moscow¡¯s calculations more difficult.</p> <p>The visible presence of these aircraft in Eastern Europe could prevent Russia from attacking countries in the region with conventional means, as such an attack could provoke a French nuclear response on behalf of Europe.</p> <p><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/benoit-gremare-1537937" class="lien_externe">Beno?t Gr¨¦mare</a>, Chercheur associ¨¦ ¨¤ l'Institut d'Etudes de Strat¨¦gie et de D¨¦fense, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/universite-jean-moulin-lyon-3-2375" class="lien_externe">Universit¨¦ Jean Moulin Lyon 3</a></em></span></p> <p>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com" class="lien_externe">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/french-nuclear-deterrence-for-europe-how-effective-could-it-be-against-russia-251512" class="lien_externe">original article</a>.</p> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://theconversation.com/javascripts/lib/content_tracker_hook.js" id="theconversation_tracker_hook" data-counter="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/251512/count?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced" async></script> Sun, 09 Mar 2025 23:00:00 GMT /the-conversation-french-nuclear-deterrence-for-europe-how-effective-could-it-be-against-russia webmaster@univ-lyon3.fr (webmaster web-lyon3) 2025-03-09T23:00:00Z Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University awarded the Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility (SD&SR) certification_°ÄÃÅÒøºÓµÄÍøÕ¾¶àÉÙ /jean-moulin-lyon-3-university-awarded-the-sustainable-development-and-social-responsibility-sdsr-certification <img src="/medias/photo/v_vigentte-logo-label-lyon-3-500x320_1736327014137-jpg" width="150px"><br>The success of our application validates the proactive nature of our policy, which has led the Board of Governors to adopt the SD-SER (sustainable development and social and environmental responsibility) Master Plan, setting concrete and quantifiable objectives for training students and staff and reducing our environmental footprint.<br> <br> <br> For Gilles Bonnet, President of Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University:<br> <q>This award is both a great recognition and a valuable encouragement, validating and rewarding the work of our University School of Ecological Transition and the mobilisation of the entire university community, students, staff, services, component entities and laboratories. The award underlines the quality of our university¡¯s commitments to ecological transition, reflected in our placement as the leading French university in the UI GreenMetric 2024 ranking. </q><br> ? <h2><strong>About the award</strong></h2> The SD&SR ¨C Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility ¨C award for higher education was created in 2015. It stems from the collective work of around ten universities and grandes ¨¦coles, the Conference of Grandes ?coles (CGE), the Conference of University Presidents (CPU), the Ministry for Sustainable Development, the Ministry for Higher Education and the Student Network for an Ecological and Solidarity-Based Society (RESES).<br> <br> It provides national and international recognition for the sustainable development and social responsibility initiatives of French higher education and research institutions. It also enables institutions to develop their skills as part of a group of institutions that are committed to participating in the award committee and in auditing candidate institutions.<br> <br> ? <a class="lien_externe" href="https://www.label-ddrs.org/">Find out more</a><br> <br> ? <a class="lien_externe" href="https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/fr/label-ddrs-developpement-durable-et-responsabilite-societale">Focus on the award ¨C French Ministry of Higher Education and Research website</a><br> <br> ? <a class="lien_externe" href="https://www.cirses.fr/">Cirses - National network of SD&SR managers</a> Mon, 03 Feb 2025 23:00:00 GMT /jean-moulin-lyon-3-university-awarded-the-sustainable-development-and-social-responsibility-sdsr-certification communication@univ-lyon3.fr (com web-com) 2025-02-03T23:00:00Z Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University receives the France 2030 ¡°AMI SHS¡± (call for expressions of interest in research programmes in the humanities & social sciences)_°ÄÃÅÒøºÓµÄÍøÕ¾¶àÉÙ /jean-moulin-lyon-3-university-receives-the-france-2030-¡°ami-shs¡±-call-for-expressions-of-interest-in-research-programmes-in-the-humanities-social-sciences <img src="/medias/photo/v_v-france-2030-500x320_1734688097732-jpg" width="150px"><br>The list of the six research consortia selected has just been made public by the French Government. <strong>Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University, the recipient of several awards, is a member of three of the six consortia</strong>: ¡°D¨¦moCIS: the evolution of democracies¡±, ¡°ReligiS: religions¡± and ¡°FORESEE: the consequences of climate change¡±, which will each receive 9 million euros.<br> <br> This unprecedented and exceptional success for Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University reflects<strong> the dynamism of the institution¡¯s research laboratories and researchers.</strong> The application, led by Isabelle Delpla, Vice-President for Research, required months of work and cooperation with universities, grandes ¨¦coles and research organisations.<br> <br> Gilles Bonnet, President of Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University, is delighted with this success:<br> <q>The superb success of this call for projects shows that our strategy, led by Isabelle Delpla, was the right one, and that mobilising our researchers was particularly relevant in these three major subjects. Our ambition was to support the emergence of new cross-disciplinary collaborations with institutions throughout France. The recognition of Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University as a leading national research player is excellent news and a great encouragement for the future.</q> <h2><strong>Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University is a member of the following award-winning consortia</strong></h2> <dl aria-label="Accord¨¦ons" class="ckeditor-accordion"> <dt>D¨¦moCIS : The evolution of democracies</dt> <dd> <p><strong>Led by the University of Lille, in partnership with the CNRS and Inria.</strong><br> <br> <strong>Members:</strong> Grenoble Alpes University, <strong>Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University,</strong> CY Cergy Paris University, IEP Saint Germain en Laye, IEP Grenoble<br> <br> Today¡¯s multifactorial democratic crisis is challenging our societies to (re)build the commons in the face of fragmented public spaces. D¨¦moCIS brings together an interdisciplinary group of excellence from four universities, three IEPs, the Institut Mines T¨¦l¨¦com, the CNRS and Inria (336 researchers and professors from 51 research units, including 16 CNRS joint research units and 1 CNRS proprietary research unit) to tackle four major challenges:</p> <ul> <li>Responding to the institutional crisis through democratic innovation;</li> <li>Rethinking the places and forms of citizenship expression;</li> <li>Acting against the polarisation of societies and information disorder;</li> <li>Strengthening threatened democracies.</li> </ul> </dd> <dt>ReligiS : Religions</dt> <dd> <p><strong>Led by the University of Strasbourg, in partnership with the CNRS.</strong><br> <br> <strong>Members </strong>: University of Lorraine, EHESS, INALCO, Sciences Po / FNSP, Aix-Marseille University, ENS Lyon, University Lumi¨¨re Lyon 2, the French School of Athens, <strong>Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University</strong>, EPHE, BNUS<br> <br> The issue of religions has become both ubiquitous and more problematic than ever, due to the extreme complexity and diversity of its manifestations, with many questions raised in the public debate. These developments pose new questions for institutions (government, local authorities, hospitals, schools, the justice system, prisons, businesses).<br> ReligiS focuses on the transformation of interactions between religions and societies in the contemporary world, from a long-term perspective. Its main objective is twofold: to develop a new scientific framework, resolutely open, interdisciplinary and international, in order to rethink the processes of transforming relations between religions and societies; and to create the institutional conditions for a large-scale change in the mechanisms and actions for transferring academic knowledge on religions to political decision-makers and society.</p> </dd> </dl> <dl aria-label="Accord¨¦ons" class="ckeditor-accordion"> <dt>FORESEE : The consequences of climate change</dt> <dd> <p><strong>Led by Grenoble Alpes University, in partnership with the CNRS and INRAE.</strong><br> <br> <strong>Members:</strong> University of Lille, <strong>Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University,</strong> University of Bordeaux, University Montpellier 3<br> <br> After decades of accumulating scientific knowledge, the consequences of climate change are now being felt, intimately and on a very large scale. The starting point of the Foresee project is that this experienced dimension of the consequences of climate change, which is still largely unexplored, is essential for understanding the diverse reactions that arise, for documenting the conflicting social dynamics they give rise to, and for proposing ways of bringing about sustainable and equitable change.<br> Foresee draws on the diversity of the humanities and social sciences to shed light on three interrelated issues: the plurality of discourses and arguments in the face of the consequences of climate change; the epistemological obstacles to understanding the planetary boundaries and the mechanisms of resilience, resistance and adaptation of territorial organisations; and finally the way in which (in)equality and (in)justice force us to profoundly revisit the foundations of the social contract.</p> </dd> </dl> <br> ? Mon, 03 Feb 2025 23:00:00 GMT /jean-moulin-lyon-3-university-receives-the-france-2030-¡°ami-shs¡±-call-for-expressions-of-interest-in-research-programmes-in-the-humanities-social-sciences communication@univ-lyon3.fr (com web-com) 2025-02-03T23:00:00Z Exhibition | The detail and the whole. Maps and images of the Rh?ne and Lyon area_°ÄÃÅÒøºÓµÄÍøÕ¾¶àÉÙ /exhibition-the-detail-and-the-whole-maps-and-images-of-the-rhone-and-lyon-area <img src="/medias/photo/v_detail-ensemble_1710847483614-jpg" width="150px"><br>The <span lang="fr">Archives d¨¦partementales et m¨¦tropolitaines</span> invite you to follow the way in which the representation of space in these areas has evolved over time.<br> <br> Maps have had to respond to different, increasingly varied and complex functions. However, certain demands can be observed at all periods, such as when it comes to developing land or fortifying places.<br> <br> <strong>Lyon</strong> naturally occupies <strong>a special place</strong> in this respect: cities were the focus of political and military attention from a very early stage, and mapping issues were particularly important there.<br> <br> ? <strong>Visit the exhibition page:</strong><br> <a href="https://archives.rhone.fr/page/le-detail-et-l-ensemble-cartes-et-images-du-territoire-rhodanien-et-lyonnais" class="lien_externe">https://archives.rhone.fr/page/le-detail-et-l-ensemble-cartes-et-images-du-territoire-rhodanien-et-lyonnais</a><br> <br> ? <strong>ICHC 2024 website :</strong> <a class="lien_interne" href="https://ichc2024.univ-lyon3.fr/" lang="en" hreflang="en" dir="ltr">https://ichc2024.univ-lyon3.fr/</a> Mon, 18 Mar 2024 23:00:00 GMT /exhibition-the-detail-and-the-whole-maps-and-images-of-the-rhone-and-lyon-area webmaster@univ-lyon3.fr (webmaster web-lyon3) 2024-03-18T23:00:00Z Exhibition | Vulnerabilities ... what do maps say?_°ÄÃÅÒøºÓµÄÍøÕ¾¶àÉÙ /exhibition-vulnerabilities-what-do-maps-say <img src="/medias/photo/v_visuel-paysage_1711708067788-jpg" width="150px"><br>The city of Lyon is vulnerable to a variety of events, whether sudden or long and undetectable, until they take hold and threaten. Most of these events have left behind only words, which are not enough to help us understand what happened, or how people dealt with it.<br> <br> This history is sometimes represented on maps or by images that allow us to grasp its scale and particularities. From this point of view, maps came late, accompanying a vision that was increasingly informed by science.<br> <br> This exhibition looks at the city from the point of view of its vulnerabilities, through documents that are rarely seen and even less shown, while today's cities are full of measures to ensure the utmost security.<br> <br> ? <strong>ICHC 2024 website :</strong> <a class="lien_interne" href="https://ichc2024.univ-lyon3.fr/" lang="en" hreflang="en" dir="ltr">https://ichc2024.univ-lyon3.fr/</a> Wed, 13 Mar 2024 23:00:00 GMT /exhibition-vulnerabilities-what-do-maps-say webmaster@univ-lyon3.fr (webmaster web-lyon3) 2024-03-13T23:00:00Z Exhibition | Teaching maps: on the trail of cartography at the University of Lyon_°ÄÃÅÒøºÓµÄÍøÕ¾¶àÉÙ /exhibition-teaching-maps-on-the-trail-of-cartography-at-the-university-of-lyon <img src="/medias/photo/v_vignette-actu-map-445x285_1716468399272-jpg" width="150px"><br>? <h5><strong>Teaching cartography at the University of Lyon</strong></h5> This exhibition will trace the development of the teaching of cartography. It will feature a number of maps and objects specific to this discipline.<br> <br> The cartographic approach has accompanied changes in the teaching of geography since the 19th century. It has always been present, and its place has gradually been consolidated within the University of Lyon.<br> <br> Through the cartographic productions and collections of the various geographers and cartographers who have succeeded each other in the different universities of Lyon, we invite you to follow <strong>150 years of geographical analyses</strong> that have been developed on site, sometimes on a local basis, sometimes covering and coming from afar.<br> <br> ? <strong>ICHC 2024 website :</strong> <a class="lien_interne" href="https://ichc2024.univ-lyon3.fr/" lang="en" hreflang="en" dir="ltr">https://ichc2024.univ-lyon3.fr/</a> Wed, 13 Mar 2024 23:00:00 GMT /exhibition-teaching-maps-on-the-trail-of-cartography-at-the-university-of-lyon webmaster@univ-lyon3.fr (webmaster web-lyon3) 2024-03-13T23:00:00Z Start of term 2023: photo highlights_°ÄÃÅÒøºÓµÄÍøÕ¾¶àÉÙ /start-of-term-2023-photo-highlights <img src="/medias/photo/v_vignette-actu-500x320_1696583659585-jpg" width="150px"><br>To the beat of DJ Carl¡¯s turntables, the University's students were able to take advantage of the free entertainment on offer throughout the day!<br> <br> <br> <strong>On the programme:</strong> information, tips, music, dance demos, sports presentations, guided tours, photobooth, temporary tattoos, student associations fair, graffiti workshop and lunch.<br> <br> <strong>A festive day in the sunshine to start the new university year!</strong><br> <br> ? <h5 style="text-align: center;"><strong>A BIG THANK YOU TO EVERYONE FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION<br> AND HAVE A GREAT YEAR AT UNIVERSITY! </strong></h5> <h2></h2> <h5><strong>? Photo highlights</strong></h5> ?<iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="450" scrolling="no" src="https://mediatheque.univ-lyon3.fr/publication/ADQAMgFsBCJRO1AyA2ADNQc-VC0CIVI4DHwLclY6VWEOe1B-CmAAJgI1?s=4&bg=000000&t=1&a=0&f=1&o=0&skin=Html" width="700"></iframe> <h2></h2> <span class="kvideo"><div class="video-container" flv_div="true" flv_local="1"> <video poster="" width="640" height="360" style="width:100%;height:100%" controls="controls"> <source src="/medias/video/rentree-2023-lyon-3-mode-d-emploi-compressee-_1696585724040-mp4?ID_FICHE=1082255" type="video/mp4"> <object style="width:100%;height:100%" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" data="/adminsite/scripts/libs/mediaElement/flashmediaelement.swf"> <param value="/adminsite/scripts/libs/mediaElement/flashmediaelement.swf" name="movie"> <param value="controls=true&file=/medias/video/rentree-2023-lyon-3-mode-d-emploi-compressee-_1696585724040-mp4?ID_FICHE=1082255" name="flashvars"> <param value="true" name="allowFullScreen"> </object> </video> </div></span><br> <br> ? Mon, 15 Jan 2024 23:00:00 GMT /start-of-term-2023-photo-highlights communication@univ-lyon3.fr (com web-com) 2024-01-15T23:00:00Z